![]() ![]() Identification of a nonsense mutation in the carboxyl-terminal region of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in the scid mouse. Nature 1983 301: 527–530.īlunt T, Gell D, Fox M, Taccioli GE, Lehmann AR, Jackson SP et al. A severe combined immunodeficiency mutation in the mouse. Nat Rev Immunol 2007 7: 118–130.īosma GC, Custer RP, Bosma MJ. Humanized mice in translational biomedical research. New reagents on the horizon for immune tolerance. St Clair EW, Turka LA, Saxon A, Matthews JB, Sayegh MH, Eisenbarth GS et al. Controlling the incidence of infection and malignancy by modifying immunosuppression. Noncompliance in organ transplant recipients: a literature review. Identification of a B cell signature associated with renal transplant tolerance in humans. Newell KA, Asare A, Kirk AD, Gisler TD, Bourcier K, Suthanthiran M et al. Immunosuppression: evolution in practice and trends, 1993–2003. Shapiro R, Young JB, Milford EL, Trotter JF, Bustami RT, Leichtman AB. Technical and immunosuppressive advances in transplantation for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2005 4: 332–338. Individualized immunosuppression: new strategies from pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenomics. T-cell allorecognition and transplant rejection: a summary and update. Quantifying the frequency of alloreactive T cells in vivo: new answers to an old question. Suchin EJ, Langmuir PB, Palmer E, Sayegh MH, Wells AD, Turka LA. Organ transplantation-how much of the promise has been realized? Nat Med 2005 11: 605–613. Lechler RI, Sykes M, Thomson AW, Turka LA. Here, we present a historical perspective on the study of allograft rejection in humanized mice and discuss the use of these novel model systems in transplant biology. However, the use of humanized mice is complicated by a diversity of protocols and approaches, including the large number of immunodeficient mouse strains available, the choice of tissue to transplant and the specific human immune cell populations that can be engrafted. ![]() Humanized mouse models are an exciting alternative that permits investigation of the rejection of human tissues mediated by human immune cells without putting patients at risk. However, translation of these studies to the clinic has met with limited success, emphasizing the need for new models that focus on human immune responses to allogeneic tissues. Experimentation with rodents has laid the foundation for our basic understanding of the biological events that precipitate rejection of non-self or allogeneic tissue transplants and supported the development of novel strategies to specifically suppress allogeneic immune responses. Basic research in transplantation immunology has relied primarily on rodent models. ![]()
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